国产三级片

Kin But Less Than Kind: Within-Group Male Relatedness Does Not Increase Female Fitness in Seed Beetles

Animals frequently compete aggressively for access to mates, and this competition between members of one sex often harms members of the opposite sex. This 鈥渂attle of the sexes鈥� comes in many forms. In fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) and other insects, males frequently physically injure females when they mate with them (Arnqvist & Rowe 2005). This aggressive strategy can actually benefit males, since injured or dying females may be more likely to pour more energy into the current batch of eggs (sired by that male), or the injuries may prevent them from mating with other males in the future. But what happens when those competing males are close relatives? Related individuals share genes; by helping relatives produce more offspring, individuals indirectly pass on their own genetic material (Hamilton 1964). Indeed, studies of many animal species have confirmed that relatives frequently help each other in various ways 鈥� by sharing mates or resources, or alerting each other to danger (West et al. 2007). An intriguing recent study of fruit flies (Carazo et al. 2014) indicated that males were significantly less likely to harm their mates when in the presence of brothers than in the presence of unrelated males. This suggests that brothers may indeed cooperate with each other, protecting the female from harm so that each male can sire young with her. However, two follow-up studies showed conflicting evidence (Chippindale et al. 2015; Hollis et al. 2015), highlighting the need for further experiments, in fruit flies and other organisms.

In collaboration with researchers from Uppsala University, Professor Berg and student Shannon Monahan ran a series of experiments over two years to examine mate harm and its impacts on groups of relatives and non-relatives in the seed beetle. They found no evidence that male relatedness influenced female lifetime reproductive success across two different ecologically relevant scenarios of mating competition. This study is now published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B (see full text ).

Click here to see the full聽.

REFERENCES

• Arnqvist, G. and Rowe, L. 2005.聽Sexual Conflict. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
• Carazo, P., Tan, C. K. W., Allen, F., Wigby, S. and Pizzari, T. 2014. Within-group male relatedness reduces harm to females in Drosophila.聽Nature聽505: 672-675.
• Chippindale, A. K., Berggren, M., Alpern, J. H. M. and Montgomerie, R. 2015. Does kin selection moderate sexual conflict in Drosophila?聽Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences听282.
• Hamilton, W. D. 1964. Genetical evolution of social behaviour.聽Journal of Theoretical Biology聽7: 1-16.
• Hollis, B., Kawecki, T. J. and Keller, L. 2015. No evidence that within-group male relatedness reduces harm to females in Drosophila.聽Ecology and Evolution聽5: 979-983.
• Hotzy, C. and Arnqvist, G. 2009. Sperm Competition Favors Harmful Males in Seed Beetles.聽Current Biology聽19: 404-407.
• West, S. A., Griffin, A. S. and Gardner, A. 2007. Evolutionary Explanations for Cooperation.聽Current Biology聽17: R661-R672.